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Optical tracking of deep-space spacecraft in Halo L2 orbits and beyond: the Gaia mission as a pilot case

机译：Halo L2轨道及以外的深空宇宙飞船的光学跟踪：   盖亚的任务是一个试点案例

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We tackle the problem of accurate optical tracking of distant man-madeprobes, on Halo orbit around the Earth-Sun libration point L2 and beyond, alonginterplanetary transfers. The improved performance of on-target tracking,especially when observing with small-class telescopes is assessed providing ageneral estimate of the expected S/N ratio in spacecraft detection. Theon-going Gaia mission is taken as a pilot case for our analysis, reporting onfresh literature and original optical photometry and astrometric results. Theprobe has been located, along its projected nominal path, within 0.13 +/- 0.09arcsec, or 0.9 +/- 0.6 km. Spacecraft color appears to be red, with (V-R_c) =1.1 +/- 0.2 and a bolometric correction to the R_c band of (Bol-R_c) = -1.1 +/-0.2. The apparent magnitude, R_c = 20.8 +/- 0.2, is much fainter thanoriginally expected. These features lead to suggest a lower limit for the Bondalbedo a = 0.11 +/- 0.05 and confirm that incident Sun light is stronglyreddened by Gaia through its on-board MLI blankets covering the solar shield.Relying on the Gaia figures, we found that VLT-class telescopes could yet beable to probe distant spacecraft heading Mars, up to 30 million km away, whilea broader optical coverage of the forthcoming missions to Venus and Mars couldbe envisaged, providing to deal with space vehicles of minimum effective areaAeff >= 10^6 cm^2. In addition to L2 surveys, 2m-class telescopes could alsoeffectively flank standard radar-ranging techniques in deep-space probetracking along Earth's gravity-assist maneuvers for interplanetary missions.
机译：我们解决了围绕地球-太阳解放点L2以及沿行星际转移的晕圈轨道上的遥远人造探针的精确光学跟踪的问题。评估了目标上跟踪的改进性能，尤其是在使用小型望远镜观察时，可以提供对航天器探测中预期信噪比的一般估计。进行中的Gaia任务作为我们分析的一个试验案例，报告了最新文献以及原始的光学测光和天文测量结果。探头沿其预计的标称路径位于0.13 +/- 0.09弧秒或0.9 +/- 0.6 km的范围内。航天器颜色似乎是红色的，（V-R_c）= 1.1 +/- 0.2，并且对（Bol-R_c）的R_c波段进行辐射热校正= -1.1 +/- 0.2。 R_c = 20.8 +/- 0.2的表观幅度比最初预期的要微弱得多。这些特征表明Bondalbedo a的下限为0.11 +/- 0.05，并证实Gaia通过其覆盖在太阳能护罩上的板载MLI毯子使入射的太阳光强烈变红。根据Gaia的数字，我们发现VLT级别的望远镜仍可探测到距离火星最远的航天器，最远距离为3000万公里，同时可以设想对即将进行的对金星和火星的飞行进行更广泛的光学覆盖，以处理最小有效面积Aeff> = 10 ^ 6的航天器。厘米^ 2。除了L2勘测外，2m级望远镜还可以有效地沿标准的雷达测距技术进行侧向飞行，以沿着地球的重力辅助演习进行星际任务。

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